Grounded Theory - Lecture No. 3 - Advanced Research Method

<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmhtowkR0b9pS66dj8tgXIj8f49nF4xZHRUOjEP9B19w2127OJHLrVrHqLNV25pc4oZOxcoK4Pah9bW2FE21v6imEd1fOg6FrfdD_7EkNAJtrPfXgwYhp14NtnzyYY_hf2Ax8p25R0H-ZF/s1600/Untitled.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Grounded Theory from Advanced Research Method" border="0" data-original-height="763" data-original-width="1021" height="298" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmhtowkR0b9pS66dj8tgXIj8f49nF4xZHRUOjEP9B19w2127OJHLrVrHqLNV25pc4oZOxcoK4Pah9bW2FE21v6imEd1fOg6FrfdD_7EkNAJtrPfXgwYhp14NtnzyYY_hf2Ax8p25R0H-ZF/s400/Untitled.jpg" title="Grounded Theory" width="400" /></a></div> <br /> Grounded Theory is a method of research in which you develop a theory from Concepts that emerge through observations.<br /> <h3> History</h3> In the 1960s, positivism dominated the social sciences. Many social scientists (sociologists, economists, political scientists, researchers of marketing and advertisement, management and business etc.) were drawn to methods that involved hypothesis testing, statistical manipulations, mathematical modeling or computer analyses. Statistics and experimental design dominated the research.<br /><br /> <h3> Data collection Technique</h3> Drawing repeated sampling until no new concepts emerge  … and Constant-comparative method of coding.<br />This approach was developed by Glaser & Strauss in “ The discovery of grounded theory” (1967).  <br />Just keep in my mind that the words like method, techniques, approach are used interchangeably meaning more or less the same.<br /> <h3> Features of GT Method</h3> Theoretical sampling, sensitivity and saturation.<br />Constant comparison method .<br />Specific ways of coding (open, axial, selective).<br />In other words, Collecting data, coding data and analyzing data is multidimensional rather than linear. On how in business research, see: O’ Reilly et al. (2012) in Organizational Research Methods . <br /> <br /> <b>Theoretical sampling</b> involves a series of samples and analyzing data simultaneously until no new idea emerge and the sample is said to be saturated.<br /> <br />Samples are not limited to participants. They can include events, particular time periods etc.<br /> <br />Examples: observation of work relations in an office, shop-floor at various hours of the work  during day or a night-shift etc. <br /><br /><b>The Theoretical Sensitivity</b> is achieved by falling on existing literature during data analysis phase – until concept saturation.<br /> <br /><b>Constant ComparisonMethod</b> is that you compare the data from one interview or observations with data from another interview or observation. This process is supposed to adjustment of the tentative theoretical categories as the new data are collected and thus leads to saturation . <br /><br /><b>Open Coding</b> is based on the concept of data being ‘cracked open’  as a means of identifying relevant categories. Axial coding is most often used when categories are in an advanced stage of development, and selective coding is used when the ‘core category’ or the central category that correlates other categories in the theory is identified and related to other categories. <br /><br />This lecture is provided by Sir, Mustafa Kamal, for complete lecture kindly pdf file given below.<br /> <h3 style="text-align: center;"> <a href="https://drive.google.com/open?id=17h2VfI7km6AUjxKHZyKDA9pia-K6S0tN" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: large;">Click Here to Download</span></a></h3>

Grounded Theory - Lecture No. 3 - Advanced Research Method

Amaar 0 4:46 PM

Grounded Theory is a method of research in which you develop a theory from Concepts that emerge through observations. History In the 1960s, positivism dominated the social sciences. Many social scientists (sociologists, economists, political scienti… Read more »

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Case Study - Lecture No. 3 - Advanced Research Method

<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8j93qJVoDfY1B3AnSKAvfWB5p936D628LWsDde-JFhFweD390Jiy0TI_6y_OZ_j1khPikvYF5COb4S_ZECO4ZXwiGtTWxiga6BHLmdeHO4xg-foJq5I99QxrPEFB0MqFZBJ8BX7yczbhO/s1600/depositphotos_52312721-stock-illustration-case-study-red-stamp-text.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="633" data-original-width="1024" height="394" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8j93qJVoDfY1B3AnSKAvfWB5p936D628LWsDde-JFhFweD390Jiy0TI_6y_OZ_j1khPikvYF5COb4S_ZECO4ZXwiGtTWxiga6BHLmdeHO4xg-foJq5I99QxrPEFB0MqFZBJ8BX7yczbhO/s640/depositphotos_52312721-stock-illustration-case-study-red-stamp-text.jpg" width="640" /></a></div> <br /> <br /> <h3> What is Case Study? </h3> Case study approach is in-depth examination of a particular case e.g. a program, project, work unit, managerial practices and routines, introduction and sales of a new product etc.<br /><br />The researcher applies multiple perspectives to the related complexity of the Case in focus.<br />It is up to the researcher to identify the case  and to set limits or boundaries. <br /><br />Case study is often combined with some other researcher methods, quantitative and/or qualitative. Especially if it is business development and processes, marketing research, policy implementation etc.<br />Case study is often about a single entity that could be single individual or entire business.<br />Business schools use case study from real life. Product designers use it to examine new products.<br /><br />What is a case? A case can be limited to characteristic , trait or behaviour i.e., of an administrator in an office or a production unit in a large corporation, distributors or salesmen/women in a particular region.<br /><br />It can also be a limited to one type of situation, if the situations are special or unique. However, what is studied is critical to the design, analysis, and interpretation.  <br /><br /><br /><br /> <h4> Distinguishing Features</h4> Objective is to is to increase knowledge and bring about change in what is being studied<br />Empirical inquiry<br />Contemporary phenomenon<br />Real-life context<br />Two elements: the subject of the case (the thing of the study) and object of the study (the theoretical or analytical frame).<br /><br /> <h4> How to select a case?</h4> Typical<br />Exemplary<br />Unique, atypical or extreme<br /><br />You never go for an average because you want to go in depth about you case not for generalization of the whole ‘class of things’ being studied. <br /><br /><br /> <h4> Examples from business</h4> <b>Typical:</b> a retail business that operates in a strip mall location and that has average yearly sales of X rupees. <br /><b>Exemplary or model case:</b> a retail business that operates in a multiplex mall with yearly sales far in excess of typical sales of businesses of this type.<br /><b>Unusual or unique:</b> a retail business that offers a specialized product not normally available in typical shops or stores.<br /><br /><br /> <h3> QA methods presented so far</h3> <b>Ethnography</b><br />Questions/purpose: Study of cultures<br />Key Elements: In-depth observations in field<br />Other issues: Gaining access. Time-consuming<br /><br /><br /><b>Grounded Theory</b><br />Questions/purpose: Theory emerges from data<br />Key Elements: Theoretical saturation. Constant comparative coding<br />Other Issues: Closely aligned with post-positivist and traditional approaches <br /><br /><br /><b>Phenomenology</b><br />Purpose: Study of lived experiences <br />Key Elements: Interviews to determine essence of lived experiences, philosophical<br />Other issues: Understanding philosophical basis<br /><br /><br /><b>Case Study</b><br />Purpose: Study of particulars, details<br />Key Elements: A limited and bounded case, Key informants <br />Other Issues: Identifying key players, getting access to documents.<br /> <div style="text-align: center;"> <br /></div> <h2 style="text-align: center;"> <a href="https://drive.google.com/open?id=1KcqeDi1L9eezJXgM0GCMnBNkxlsEL_DK" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Click Here to Download</span></a></h2>

Case Study - Lecture No. 3 - Advanced Research Method

Amaar 1 12:17 AM

What is Case Study? Case study approach is in-depth examination of a particular case e.g. a program, project, work unit, managerial practices and routines, introduction and sales of a new product etc.The researcher applies multiple perspectives to … Read more »

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Tools for Innovation Management - Lecture No. 5

<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1KNvLzi6Hsq9KppeLvxOo-U0jCzbtOyu_xb9u9xLwT9qrg_LTKOfTTOgydAvwZGTtTnnbzR20T1b71QqOfp5TLU1bK0vcnZHPi37MXXYZMpcrPuRzXu3ejeZ7TNdR_nNJUtSOspkfGmkS/s1600/index.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="191" data-original-width="265" height="229" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1KNvLzi6Hsq9KppeLvxOo-U0jCzbtOyu_xb9u9xLwT9qrg_LTKOfTTOgydAvwZGTtTnnbzR20T1b71QqOfp5TLU1bK0vcnZHPi37MXXYZMpcrPuRzXu3ejeZ7TNdR_nNJUtSOspkfGmkS/s320/index.jpg" width="320" /></a></div> <br /> Asalam o Alaikum Dear friends, In this post I am going to share lecture no 5th named Tools for Innovation Management. This lecture is provided and taught by Mam, Iffat Naqvi.<br /> Below are some Main points which I am going to mention, and for complete lecture download link is given below.<br /> <br /> Innovation management includes a set of tools that allow managers and engineers to cooperate with a common understanding of processes and goals.<br /><br /> <h3> General Innovation Tools:</h3> brainstorming, Benchmarking,Business Process Reengineering, Chain Management, Technology Audit, Technology Forecast, Value Analysis.<br /><br /> <h3> Managerial Innovation Tools:</h3> Failure Mode Effect Analysis<br />Peer Evaluation<br />Peer Building<br />ISO 9000<br />Total Productive Maintenence<br /><br /> <h3> Product Innovation Tools:</h3> Design for X, Quality Function Deployment.<br /><br />Process Innovation Tools:<br />Design for Manufacture and Assembly<br />Lean Thinking<br />Continous Improvement<br />Just in Time<br />Concurrent Engineering<br /><br /><br />Conducting Final Reviews of the project with management and customers to understand what went right and what went wrong in order to improve for the next project.<br />Determine the strengths and weaknesses of project deliverables, the proceses used to create them and the project management processes.<br /><br /> <h3> POST IMPLIMENTATION REVIEW (PIR)</h3> <br />A post implementation review pir is conducted after completing a project. It's purpose is to evaluate whether project objectives were met, to determine how effectively the project was run, to learn lessons for the future, and to ensure that the organization gets the greatest possible benefit from the project.<br /><br /> <h3> How do they work:</h3> On the positive side, post project reviews work well when there is a structured framework against which to examine the project, exploring the degree to which objectives were met, the thing which went well and those which could be improved, the specific learning points raised and the ways in which they can be capture and codified into procedure which will move the organization forward in terms of managing technology in future.<br /><br /> <h3> How Does they Work:</h3> A checklist for successful PPRs would include:<br /><br />Ensure involvement of all perspectives<br />Collect relevant facts and work with these not opinions.<br />Ensure objectives, non-judgemental, blame free environment.<br />Employ a facilitator to manage the process of the review.<br />Ensure some capture of knowledge for next time what action could we take and how can we systematically ensure they take place?<br />Define Measure to Detect and Moniter Progress.<br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>For More MBA Subject notes click on <a href="https://studentsexplore.com/" target="_blank">Students Explore</a></b></span><br /><span style="font-size: small;"><br /><br /></span><div><span style="font-size: large;">You May Also Read:  </span><a href="https://studentsexplore.com/marketing-management-explained-with-philosophies/" rel="bookmark" style="border: 0px; color: #1e73be; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.2s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span style="font-size: medium;">Marketing Management Explained with Philosophies</span></b></a></div><div><span style="font-size: medium;"><span>You May Also Read:  </span><a href="https://studentsexplore.com/accounting-method-and-its-types/" rel="bookmark" style="border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.2s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank"><b>Accounting Method and its Types</b></a></span></div><div><span style="font-size: medium;"><span>You May Also Read:  </span><a href="https://studentsexplore.com/terminology-of-accounting-and-bookkeeping-records/" rel="bookmark" style="border: 0px; color: #1e73be; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.2s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><b>Terminology of Accounting and Bookkeeping Records</b></a></span></div><div><span style="font-size: medium;"><span>You May Also Read:  </span><a href="https://studentsexplore.com/4ps-of-marketing-mix-explained-simply/" rel="bookmark" style="border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.2s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><b>4Ps of Marketing Mix Explained Simply</b></a></span></div><div><h2 class="post-title entry-title fittexted_for_post_titles" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Poppins, sans-serif; font-size: 23.6px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px 0px 10px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></h2></div><br /> <h3> The Element Good Review:</h3> Identify Items that were done well<br />Identify Itmes that could Improve<br />Identify Items that were broken<br />Decide Action Plans<br /><br /> <h2 style="text-align: center;"> <a href="https://drive.google.com/open?id=18MV2LsMCXESs27NqfGvdgLa7CBs4JYlA" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Click Here to Download</span></a></h2>

Tools for Innovation Management - Lecture No. 5

Amaar 0 10:53 PM

Asalam o Alaikum Dear friends, In this post I am going to share lecture no 5th named Tools for Innovation Management. This lecture is provided and taught by Mam, Iffat Naqvi. Below are some Main points which I am going to mention, and for complete l… Read more »

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Innovation Network - Lecture No. 4 - Tools for Innovation Management

<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgso0rbeGkN2IryFgxWL7fxlbjHEa99NIUWFYt8Rh3LXICmWQiTwWPCrQjWA2CiYf49CGJbaMF_1xukRs75kTejdhAM5DrKSBoquztfKvcJ5P79fO-OvFViyCDp0xNXRCYGOA0LbacHHIhy/s1600/connections-colours-850x349.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Innovation Network - Lecture No. 4 - Tools for Innovation Management" border="0" data-original-height="349" data-original-width="850" height="262" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgso0rbeGkN2IryFgxWL7fxlbjHEa99NIUWFYt8Rh3LXICmWQiTwWPCrQjWA2CiYf49CGJbaMF_1xukRs75kTejdhAM5DrKSBoquztfKvcJ5P79fO-OvFViyCDp0xNXRCYGOA0LbacHHIhy/s640/connections-colours-850x349.jpg" title="Innovation Network - Lecture No. 4 - Tools for Innovation Management" width="640" /></a></div> <br /> Asalam-o-Alaikum Dear Friends, In this post I am going to post lecture no.4 Innovation Network of Subject Tools for Innovation Management, which is provided by Mam, Iffat naqvi. Here I am writing some basic concept and for detail you have to download the full ppt file given below.<br /> <br /> <h3> Innovation Network</h3> Innovation is occurring everywhere means around the globe throught creation of communities and creating networking either social or task networking but it creates a lots of network for innovation and bring up those innovation in the market place. Basically Networks are created for innovation.<br /><br /> <h3> Task Network</h3> Task Network involves the exchange of related or specific job-related task resources including information, expertises, advice, skill, political access, and material resources.<br /> <br /> <h3> Social Network</h3> Social Network involves the relationship characterized by the higher level of closenes and trust than those who are exclusively task related. They usually consist of people who share a common background or interest.<br /> <br />Since people have more leeway in choosing their friends than their co-workers, these networks tends to be less closely determined by formal organizational arrangement and work assignment.<br /> Social Network however play a critical role in mobilizing resource, transmitting information and providing peer coaching.<br /> <br /> Networks made up of nodes (vertices) and links(ties,edges).<br />Nodes are actors,agent or object like people, organization,agencies, documents etc..<br />Links are the relationship that connects the nodes.<br /> <br /> Regional innovation cluster are geographically concentrated but also ties to distant actors.<br /><br />We’re drowning in knowledge spaghetti. Something like 1,500 billion dollars is spent every year on R&D around the world. This means that no matter what we do ourselves, we are barely scratching the surface of what is actually happening outside the organization, in all kinds of adjacent and potentially related areas.<br /><br />We have very good market and consumer knowledge for about 1 billion people - we know their needs, their behaviors, desires, etc. But there are 6 billion people who we don’t have any good understanding of, and these are members of the emerging markets, where we lack good connections and good knowledge; they are not part of our knowledge spaghetti, but to innovate in the future, they need to be.<br /><br /> <h3> Why do we need to creates Networks:</h3> <b>Collective efficiency:</b><br />Access to resources through shared exchange process<br />Cluster Model e.g. Italy, Spain<br /><b><br />Collective learning:</b><br />Learning networks<br /><br /><b>Collective risk taking:</b><br />Pre-competitive consortia, High-risk R&D<br /><br /><b>Interactions of different knowledge sets.</b><br /><br /> <h3> How Networks are Configured:</h3> <b>Size</b> – actors, links<br /><b>Diversity</b> – the number of types of actors and types of linkages<br /><b>Stability</b> – the degree to which a network change over time<br /><b>Centrality</b> – well connecteness of individual<br /><b>Openness</b> – how many links it has with external actors<br /><br /> <h3> Types of Innovation Networks:</h3> Entreprenuer Based<br />Spatial Cluster<br />Internal Project Team<br />Communities of Practices<br /><br /> <h3> What are the Network Issues for Innovation:</h3> If you have more connections, then it means you have more and better flow of network of inforamtion, advice, skill etc..<br /> <br />However, Conections are expensive to maintain so manage a network involves trading off the cost of building links against performance.<br /> <br />Most Network analysis focus on structure rather than quality of tie.<br /><br /><br /><a href="https://drive.google.com/open?id=17eEiBD7z-ZYQLRQL-Wo3Tj6nw069rIBo" target="_blank"><br /></a><br /> <div style="text-align: center;"> <a href="https://drive.google.com/open?id=17eEiBD7z-ZYQLRQL-Wo3Tj6nw069rIBo" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>Click Here to Download</b></span></a></div> <br />

Innovation Network - Lecture No. 4 - Tools for Innovation Management

Amaar 0 2:49 PM

Asalam-o-Alaikum Dear Friends, In this post I am going to post lecture no.4 Innovation Network of Subject Tools for Innovation Management, which is provided by Mam, Iffat naqvi. Here I am writing some basic concept and for detail you have to downloa… Read more »

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Developing an Innovational Strategy - Lecture No. 3 - Tools for Innovation Management

<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFU_CVlVN9PiV2rX1LJIstayZX2YEufM-cNb8HL1Pfnq9CvyKpIL57F6qrbsxf9IQQgWihJ2obJt_jy4N9QrWdFLZMAFkspahnllOMH6U4UilZO8IdzQLB_U6yRBrUd2iNQs7xk4wo1dfz/s1600/12.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Developing an Innovational Strategy - Lecture No. 3 - Tools for Innovation Management" border="0" data-original-height="655" data-original-width="1221" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFU_CVlVN9PiV2rX1LJIstayZX2YEufM-cNb8HL1Pfnq9CvyKpIL57F6qrbsxf9IQQgWihJ2obJt_jy4N9QrWdFLZMAFkspahnllOMH6U4UilZO8IdzQLB_U6yRBrUd2iNQs7xk4wo1dfz/s400/12.jpg" title="Developing an Innovational Strategy - Lecture No. 3 - Tools for Innovation Management" width="400" /></a></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <br /></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> </div> Asalam o Alaikum Dear Friends, In this post I am going to share a lecture no. 3 Developing an Innovational Strategy of Tools for Innovation Management which  we have been taught by Mam, Iffat Naqvi. This Lecture is also provided by Mam. Iffat Naqvi. Here I am going write some points regard this lecture and complete lecture could be downloaded below given <br /> <h3> What is Rational Strategy?</h3> Rational Strategy describes, understand and analyse the environment, Rational Strategy Determine course of action in the light of the analysis and to carry out decided action of those courses of action.<br /> <br /> <h3> Rationalist Strategy Inlcudes</h3> Large scale corporation R&D operating in multi-division, multi-product, multi-market context.<br /> <br /> It inlcudes strategic choices or tradeoffs along a variety of dimensions like types of technological innovation, The specific technologies to develope and the timing or positioning of technology to introduce into the marketplace.<br /> <br /> There are a number of complex internal strategic activities include allocation of technological resources, and monitoring and evaluation of technological undertakings.<br /> <br /> <h3> Rational Strategy Process</h3> To create Design first then start developing that design, adjust the design and test, retest the design and then in finally operate it.<br /> <br /> <h3> Incremental Strategy Process</h3> Symptoms, Diagonosis, Treatment, Diagnosis, Adjust Treatment, Cure.<br /> <br /> <h3> Leadership & Followership</h3> <br /> <span style="font-size: large;"><b>Leadership:</b> </span>The process of guiding & directing the behavior of people in the work environment.<br /> Formal Leadership: The officialy sanctioned leadership based on the authority of formal position.<br /> Informal Leadership: The unofficial leadership accorded to a person by other members of the organization.<br /> <br /> <span style="font-size: large;"><b>Followership:</b> </span>The process of being guided & directing by a leader in the work environment.<br /> <br /> According to Porter, Firm must also decided between two market strategies:<br /> <br /> <span style="font-size: large;"><b>Leadership:</b></span><br /> Where the firms aim at being first to market (this requires a strong corporate commitment to creativity and risk taking)<br /> <br /> <span style="font-size: large;"><b>Followership: </b></span>Where the firms aim at being late to market, based on imitating from leaders (this requires a strong commitment to competitor analysis and intelligence, to reverse engineerign).<br /> <br /> <h3> Technological Leadership:</h3> <br /> Porter suggested four generic business model that could be followed in order to gain competitive advantage.<br /> The Differentiation Leadership and Cost Leadership strategies seek competitive advantage in a broad range of market industry segment.<br /> By Contrast, The differentiation Focus and Cost Focus strategies are best used in narrow market or industry.<br /> <br /> <h3 style="text-align: center;"> <a href="https://drive.google.com/open?id=1TJeiGMO0mQTcn_bsADkUIv6hzo8LeySc" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Click Here to Download</span></a></h3>

Developing an Innovational Strategy - Lecture No. 3 - Tools for Innovation Management

Amaar 0 3:33 PM

Asalam o Alaikum Dear Friends, In this post I am going to share a lecture no. 3 Developing an Innovational Strategy of Tools for Innovation Management which  we have been taught by Mam, Iffat Naqvi. This Lecture is also provided by Mam. Iffat Naqvi.… Read more »

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