Grounded Theory - Lecture No. 3 - Advanced Research Method

<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmhtowkR0b9pS66dj8tgXIj8f49nF4xZHRUOjEP9B19w2127OJHLrVrHqLNV25pc4oZOxcoK4Pah9bW2FE21v6imEd1fOg6FrfdD_7EkNAJtrPfXgwYhp14NtnzyYY_hf2Ax8p25R0H-ZF/s1600/Untitled.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Grounded Theory from Advanced Research Method" border="0" data-original-height="763" data-original-width="1021" height="298" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmhtowkR0b9pS66dj8tgXIj8f49nF4xZHRUOjEP9B19w2127OJHLrVrHqLNV25pc4oZOxcoK4Pah9bW2FE21v6imEd1fOg6FrfdD_7EkNAJtrPfXgwYhp14NtnzyYY_hf2Ax8p25R0H-ZF/s400/Untitled.jpg" title="Grounded Theory" width="400" /></a></div> <br /> Grounded Theory is a method of research in which you develop a theory from Concepts that emerge through observations.<br /> <h3> History</h3> In the 1960s, positivism dominated the social sciences. Many social scientists (sociologists, economists, political scientists, researchers of marketing and advertisement, management and business etc.) were drawn to methods that involved hypothesis testing, statistical manipulations, mathematical modeling or computer analyses. Statistics and experimental design dominated the research.<br /><br /> <h3> Data collection Technique</h3> Drawing repeated sampling until no new concepts emerge  … and Constant-comparative method of coding.<br />This approach was developed by Glaser & Strauss in “ The discovery of grounded theory” (1967).  <br />Just keep in my mind that the words like method, techniques, approach are used interchangeably meaning more or less the same.<br /> <h3> Features of GT Method</h3> Theoretical sampling, sensitivity and saturation.<br />Constant comparison method .<br />Specific ways of coding (open, axial, selective).<br />In other words, Collecting data, coding data and analyzing data is multidimensional rather than linear. On how in business research, see: O’ Reilly et al. (2012) in Organizational Research Methods . <br /> <br /> <b>Theoretical sampling</b> involves a series of samples and analyzing data simultaneously until no new idea emerge and the sample is said to be saturated.<br /> <br />Samples are not limited to participants. They can include events, particular time periods etc.<br /> <br />Examples: observation of work relations in an office, shop-floor at various hours of the work  during day or a night-shift etc. <br /><br /><b>The Theoretical Sensitivity</b> is achieved by falling on existing literature during data analysis phase – until concept saturation.<br /> <br /><b>Constant ComparisonMethod</b> is that you compare the data from one interview or observations with data from another interview or observation. This process is supposed to adjustment of the tentative theoretical categories as the new data are collected and thus leads to saturation . <br /><br /><b>Open Coding</b> is based on the concept of data being ‘cracked open’  as a means of identifying relevant categories. Axial coding is most often used when categories are in an advanced stage of development, and selective coding is used when the ‘core category’ or the central category that correlates other categories in the theory is identified and related to other categories. <br /><br />This lecture is provided by Sir, Mustafa Kamal, for complete lecture kindly pdf file given below.<br /> <h3 style="text-align: center;"> <a href="https://drive.google.com/open?id=17h2VfI7km6AUjxKHZyKDA9pia-K6S0tN" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: large;">Click Here to Download</span></a></h3>

Grounded Theory - Lecture No. 3 - Advanced Research Method

Grounded Theory is a method of research in which you develop a theory from Concepts that emerge through observations. History In the 1...

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Case Study - Lecture No. 3 - Advanced Research Method

<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8j93qJVoDfY1B3AnSKAvfWB5p936D628LWsDde-JFhFweD390Jiy0TI_6y_OZ_j1khPikvYF5COb4S_ZECO4ZXwiGtTWxiga6BHLmdeHO4xg-foJq5I99QxrPEFB0MqFZBJ8BX7yczbhO/s1600/depositphotos_52312721-stock-illustration-case-study-red-stamp-text.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="633" data-original-width="1024" height="394" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8j93qJVoDfY1B3AnSKAvfWB5p936D628LWsDde-JFhFweD390Jiy0TI_6y_OZ_j1khPikvYF5COb4S_ZECO4ZXwiGtTWxiga6BHLmdeHO4xg-foJq5I99QxrPEFB0MqFZBJ8BX7yczbhO/s640/depositphotos_52312721-stock-illustration-case-study-red-stamp-text.jpg" width="640" /></a></div> <br /> <br /> <h3> What is Case Study? </h3> Case study approach is in-depth examination of a particular case e.g. a program, project, work unit, managerial practices and routines, introduction and sales of a new product etc.<br /><br />The researcher applies multiple perspectives to the related complexity of the Case in focus.<br />It is up to the researcher to identify the case  and to set limits or boundaries. <br /><br />Case study is often combined with some other researcher methods, quantitative and/or qualitative. Especially if it is business development and processes, marketing research, policy implementation etc.<br />Case study is often about a single entity that could be single individual or entire business.<br />Business schools use case study from real life. Product designers use it to examine new products.<br /><br />What is a case? A case can be limited to characteristic , trait or behaviour i.e., of an administrator in an office or a production unit in a large corporation, distributors or salesmen/women in a particular region.<br /><br />It can also be a limited to one type of situation, if the situations are special or unique. However, what is studied is critical to the design, analysis, and interpretation.  <br /><br /><br /><br /> <h4> Distinguishing Features</h4> Objective is to is to increase knowledge and bring about change in what is being studied<br />Empirical inquiry<br />Contemporary phenomenon<br />Real-life context<br />Two elements: the subject of the case (the thing of the study) and object of the study (the theoretical or analytical frame).<br /><br /> <h4> How to select a case?</h4> Typical<br />Exemplary<br />Unique, atypical or extreme<br /><br />You never go for an average because you want to go in depth about you case not for generalization of the whole ‘class of things’ being studied. <br /><br /><br /> <h4> Examples from business</h4> <b>Typical:</b> a retail business that operates in a strip mall location and that has average yearly sales of X rupees. <br /><b>Exemplary or model case:</b> a retail business that operates in a multiplex mall with yearly sales far in excess of typical sales of businesses of this type.<br /><b>Unusual or unique:</b> a retail business that offers a specialized product not normally available in typical shops or stores.<br /><br /><br /> <h3> QA methods presented so far</h3> <b>Ethnography</b><br />Questions/purpose: Study of cultures<br />Key Elements: In-depth observations in field<br />Other issues: Gaining access. Time-consuming<br /><br /><br /><b>Grounded Theory</b><br />Questions/purpose: Theory emerges from data<br />Key Elements: Theoretical saturation. Constant comparative coding<br />Other Issues: Closely aligned with post-positivist and traditional approaches <br /><br /><br /><b>Phenomenology</b><br />Purpose: Study of lived experiences <br />Key Elements: Interviews to determine essence of lived experiences, philosophical<br />Other issues: Understanding philosophical basis<br /><br /><br /><b>Case Study</b><br />Purpose: Study of particulars, details<br />Key Elements: A limited and bounded case, Key informants <br />Other Issues: Identifying key players, getting access to documents.<br /> <div style="text-align: center;"> <br /></div> <h2 style="text-align: center;"> <a href="https://drive.google.com/open?id=1KcqeDi1L9eezJXgM0GCMnBNkxlsEL_DK" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Click Here to Download</span></a></h2>

Case Study - Lecture No. 3 - Advanced Research Method

What is Case Study? Case study approach is in-depth examination of a particular case e.g. a program, project, work unit, managerial pr...

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Qualitative Research (QR) - Lecture No.2- Advanced Research Methods

<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTQb2f-NhXq518sYpDvSdD0kKb0cxqJ43nNDhKXY_wgcSGCSZdF2PrMXBe82JL3m31-C0penpMi8w5ph77oCC5rVd-aiaqIDYHdumlm6r-g07u9jwg6pDPOlKeqANdgAaKnv_ACu1nkdTQ/s1600/qualitative_research+copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Qualitative Research (QR) - Lecture No.2- Advanced Research Methods" border="0" data-original-height="271" data-original-width="621" height="278" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTQb2f-NhXq518sYpDvSdD0kKb0cxqJ43nNDhKXY_wgcSGCSZdF2PrMXBe82JL3m31-C0penpMi8w5ph77oCC5rVd-aiaqIDYHdumlm6r-g07u9jwg6pDPOlKeqANdgAaKnv_ACu1nkdTQ/s640/qualitative_research+copy.jpg" title="Qualitative Research (QR) - Lecture No.2- Advanced Research Methods" width="640" /></a></div> <br /> Hello Friends Welcome to My blog, In this post I am going to share a lecture no two of advanced research methods subject. This lecture is provided by Sir, Mustafa Hussain.<br /> <br /> Qualitative Research is not about testing hypotheses.Qualitative Research is not looking for cause and effect. Qualitative Research is not wanting to generalize from a sample to a population. <br /> Qualitative Research does not look at specific variables.Qualitative Research is not interested in drawing inferences (deduction). Qualitative Research does look at human interactions in natural settings and what meanings they attach to action.<br /> <br /> <h3> Five Approaches</h3> Ethnography<br /> Grounded Theory<br /> Phenomenology<br /> Case study<br /> Narrative  inquiry (Biography)<br /> Then there are various techniques/methods of collecting data.Methodology theoretical, ethical, political and philosophical orientation/assumptions of researchers that leads to use a specific method.<br /> <br /> <h3> Ethnography</h3> Ethnography is term or call it ‘research method’ associated with Anthropology – a social science that studies culture and sub-cultures. It is also applied in various forms of Business and managerial sciences today, especially with fields like marketing.  The main tool applied in ethnographic research is called Participant Observation. The researcher immerses him/herself into the culture, he/she wants to study.<br /> It further requires values such as reflection and representation, against subjective understanding of what people do and why and to what ends.Use of field notes and keeping of a diary.And active participation for a relatively longer period of time.<br /> <br /> <h3> Special Issues: Culture</h3> Already from the 18th century Anthropology or Ethnographical studies were engaged with non-Western cultures and languages and it was associated with colonialism. While sociologists studied western cultures, anthropologists focused on the colonial others. Such is not the case today. Today they research much broader areas e.g., culture of prisons, hospitals or particular business or industries.<br /> <br /> <h3> Getting Access</h3> There is a special issue of getting access to a culture or sub-culture the researcher wants access to undertake participant observations.Some sub-cultures or societies might not like to give access to the researchers. They might not like to see an outsider entering their settings and disclose their secrets.It therefore makes important it important that researcher is somehow familiar with norms and mores of the culture he/she want to study and get access. Particularly in businesses or sub-cultures.<br /> <br /> <h3> Technology and Ethnography</h3> Tools used for ethnographical studies, however do not rely merely or solely on participant observations. Anthropologists today also use video-recording, online ethnography, photo ethnography. In the Journal of Business Communication, van Praet (2009), for instance, collected data at a British embassy, using participant observation, audio-recordings of weekly meetings, as well as interviews.<br /> <br /> Guys if you have any problem regarding this then feel free to comment below thank you. <br /> <br /> <br /> <br />

Qualitative Research (QR) - Lecture No.2- Advanced Research Methods

Hello Friends Welcome to My blog, In this post I am going to share a lecture no two of advanced research methods subject. This lecture is...

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What is Discourse Analysis - Lecture No.1 - Advanced Research Methods

<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGqAZ36OSzFPogjpoDfEtCT46P6hTiW9Xr4xT4qW6N05Sud-NfjilopqxrQ-uojePw-HmhC-mVJ4KlhOhT9i_Wzpm0rb2rH6qRi-k8nAuvffzcb3BP4LlNrDwkyq1RXvnz23uTwbY1huDc/s1600/Untitled.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="What is Discourse Analysis - Lecture No.1 - Advanced Research Methods" border="0" data-original-height="757" data-original-width="1001" height="482" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGqAZ36OSzFPogjpoDfEtCT46P6hTiW9Xr4xT4qW6N05Sud-NfjilopqxrQ-uojePw-HmhC-mVJ4KlhOhT9i_Wzpm0rb2rH6qRi-k8nAuvffzcb3BP4LlNrDwkyq1RXvnz23uTwbY1huDc/s640/Untitled.jpg" title="What is Discourse Analysis - Lecture No.1 - Advanced Research Methods" width="640" /></a></div> <br /> Discourse Analysis is a systematic study of text and talk drawing on theory of language, but it differ from text linguistic that it goes beyond the sentence structure, syntax grammar. These essential difference between discourse analysis and text linguistic is that discourse analysis aim at socio psychological characteristics of person and subject position rather than text structure.<br /> <h3> Discourse Analysis as a Method of Research</h3> Discourse analysis is widely used in range of disciplines in Humanities and Social Sciences each of which is subject to its own assumptions, dimensions of analysis, and methodologies. Thus, there is no one singular method of undertaking discourse analysis across the various disciplines.<br /> <h3> Sociological Discourse Analysis</h3> sociological discourse analysis shares many of the elements found in analyses conducted in a wide range of disciplines including linguistics, ethnography, anthropology and psychology etc.<br /> In Sociology the analysis is embedded in, and emerging out of relations of power in society.<br /> Because those in control of institutions like media, politics. Law, medicine and education  control the formation of discourse in such institutions.As such power and knowledge are intimately related and work together to create hierarchies.Hence the notion of ” Dominant discourse”<br /> <br /> <h3> Spontanous and Induced Discourse</h3> Spontaneous discourse refers to discourse produced by subjects in their everyday lives. Books, records of court proceedings or television programs etc.Induced discourses are produced within the framework of research, and are more often the fundamental material which sociologists work with when conducting analyses.Qualitative intervews, focus group discussions....<br /> <br /> <h3> Intersubjectivity</h3> The interest in discourse as a means of understanding social reality is based on the notion of the subjective orientation of social action. Given that social action is guided by the meaning that individuals attach to their actions, we must account for this meaning when attempting to understand and explain the action. Yet meaning is not only a product of individual constraints and beliefs. Instead, the meanings that guide individual actions are, to a large degree, socially produced and shared patterns.<br /> <br /> <b>Discourse analysis as a social research method is therefore grounded in two basic assumptions:</b><br /> <br /> <b>1.</b>  the knowledge of social intersubjectivity provides us with indirect knowledge about the social order because intersubjectivity is a product of it and because the social order is formed and functions through this social intersubjectivity <br /> <br /> <br /> <b>2. </b>Discourse analysis allows us to understand social intersubjectivity because discourses contain it and because social intersubjectivity is produced through discursive practices.<br /> <br /> <h3> Texual Analysis</h3> <b>Texutal analysis requires two steps (especially in spoken discorse or communication):</b><br /> <br /> <b>1.</b> DESCRIPTION of non-verbal communication (moments of silence and their duration, emphasis, meaningful gestures and expressions, hesitations and so forth) pertaining to symbolic communication or Semiotics.<br /> <br /> <b>2. </b>TRANSCRIPTION of verbal communication or what is commonly understood as content analysis of the text. Content analysis is a technique for systematically describing written, spoken or visual communication. It provides a quantitative (numerical) description. Many content analyses involve media - print (newspapers, magazines), television, video, movies, the Internet. Content refers to the meaning of the information. (see later of media discourse).<br /> <br /> <b>Contextual Analysis and Critical Discourse Analysis</b> is provided in ppt file below. Kindly download it to get full complete lecture in ppt format.<br /> This lecture is provided by Sir, Mustafa Hussain. <br /> Thank You.<br /> <div style="text-align: center;"> <b><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div> <div style="text-align: center;"> <a href="https://drive.google.com/open?id=18jP-3-h54I6-ralqr8hEh_ac24NaUvC5" target="_blank"><b><span style="font-size: x-large;">Click Here to Download</span></b></a> </div>

What is Discourse Analysis - Lecture No.1 - Advanced Research Methods

Discourse Analysis is a systematic study of text and talk drawing on theory of language, but it differ from text linguistic that it goes ...

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